Suchergebnisse

Résultats d'une étude sur le lien entre les prix des céréales, le coût des salaires et la croissance macroéconomique dans les pays du Sahel : les prix alimentaires dans le débat sur le rôle des politiques macroéconomiques et sectorielles dans la stimulation de la croissance, les prix alimentaires et la stratégie de croissance en économie semi-ouverte, contexte structurel de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, détermination du taux de change réel d'équilibre (TCRE) en Afrique de l'Ouest

People in developing countries currently consume on average one-third the meat and one-quarter of the milk products per capita compared to the richer North, but this is changing rapidly. The amount of meat consumed in developing countries over the past has grown three times as much as it did in the developed countries. The Livestock Revolution is primarily driven by demand. Poor people everywhere are eating more animal products as their incomes rise above poverty level and as they become urbanized. By 2020, the share of developing countries in total world meat consumption will expand from 52% currently to 63%. By 2020, developing countries will consume 107 million metric tons (mmt) more meat and 177 mmt more milk than they did in 1996/1998, dwarfing developed-country increases of 19 mmt for meat and 32 mmt for milk. The projected increase in livestock production will require annual feed consumption of cereals to rise by nearly 300 mmt by 2020. Nonetheless, the inflation-adjusted prices of livestock and feed commodities are expected to fall marginally by 2020, compared to precipitous declines in the past 20 y. Structural change in the diets of billions of people is a primal force not easily reversed by governments. The incomes and nutrition of millions of rural poor in developing countries are improving. Yet in many cases these dietary changes also create serious environmental and health problems that require active policy involvement to prevent irreversible consequences.

The author argues that African rural areas behave differently from rural areas in fully commercialized market economies. In commercialized economies, price signals quickly induce factor flows, including items such as investment and technological change. A need for more food is quickly translated into production of either more food or more non-food items to finance food imports. If agricultural potential exists in such countries, market incentives will encourage both appropriate output mixes and investment inflows; growth will then occur. In contrast, this paper argues that much of Africa has not yet gone through this transformation. A prolonged process of agricultural transformation is necessary to produce such conditions. Government actions, including commitment of fiscal resources and development of successful strategies, are required. ; IFPRI4 ; MSSD ; Non-PR

The author argues that African rural areas behave differently from rural areas in fully commercialized market economies. In commercialized economies, price signals quickly induce factor flows, including items such as investment and technological change. A need for more food is quickly translated into production of either more food or more non-food items to finance food imports. If agricultural potential exists in such countries, market incentives will encourage both appropriate output mixes and investment inflows; growth will then occur. In contrast, this paper argues that much of Africa has not yet gone through this transformation. A prolonged process of agricultural transformation is necessary to produce such conditions. Government actions, including commitment of fiscal resources and development of successful strategies, are required. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1 ; MSSD

There are large economics of scale in processing and retailing livestock-origin food products, but much less in production once market distortions favouring large producers are either removed or otherwise balanced for smaller farmers through market-oriented means. In order to understand these underlying issues for smallholder market oriented livestock Development, a project funded by the System wide Livestock Programme of the CGIAR on policy and scale factors affecting livestock producers in Kenya, Bangladesh and the Philippines was implemented during 2000-2002 jointly by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI). In Bangladesh, the study focused on poultry and dairy producers and was implemented in collaboration with the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh. As a part of the Bangladesh project, a dialogue/workshop involving various stakeholders (extension, input and vet service providers, credit and marketing institutions/agencies, private sector investors, donor agencies etc.) was held in Dhaka, at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, on 13-14 October 2002 jointly sponsored by the Department of Livestock Services, BSMR Agricultural University, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, and IFPRI. This paper addresses the issues related to the Development of the livestock sector. These are summarised under three headings. A) Fundamental choices in a rapidly changing world; B) What are the true costs of different options; and C) Some compelling sets of issues for informing public policy through research. The following questions were also answered on the discussion. What vision of the role of livestock in the economy? What vision of the role of the Department of Livestock Services over time? What are the necessary "Public goods" in the Bangladesh livestock sector at the present time? What are the true costs of targeting the poor? What input should the livestock sector have into public policy? What forward vision for feed supplies? What impact of policies towards private processors on structure of production and marketing? What information needs in the sector, how best to meet? How best to encourage the mobilization of private resources to develop the sector? Given demonstrated economics of scale in processing and some in production, how best to bring smallholder along, without subsidies that government cannot afford? and how best to encourage formal sector processors and producers to bring smallholder sector along with them in Development of commercial livestock production?

Despite recurrent crop failures, there is evidence that households in the West African Semiarid Tropics (WASAT) are still able to assure their food security. This article explores two issues: 1) Does WASAT household income diversification (that is, earning noncropping income in addition to, or as a substitute for, cropping income) resolve this paradox? 2) What is driving the diversification, and how do these factors differ over rich and poor households, and agroclimatically good and poor agroecological zones? Data are derived from the farm household survey in Burkina Faso conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The survey covered four harvest years (1981/82-1984/85). The sample included 150 households in the following three agroecological zones: the Sahelian, the Sudanian, and the Guinean. Harvest shortfalls and terms of trade are found to drive diversification, but land constraints do not. Income diversification is associated with higher incomes and food consumption, and more stable income and consumption over years. (Documenatieblad/ASC Leiden)